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Freedom and Adaptive Preferences
Traditional welfare economics works with the assumption of the fully rational economic agent (homo economicus) whose preferences are fixed: that is, they are not influenced by their economic environment.To the contrary, this book presents a theory of welfare economics that maintains the principles of normative individualism while allowing for adaptive or changeable preferences. Why do economists talk of preferences? In this book, Carl Christian von Weizsäcker shows that the concept is intimately related to freedom of action.The concept of preferences is the mode by which normative economics introduces the idea of freedom or liberty into its theory of human interaction.Moreover, the economic research of recent decades has provided a large amount of experimental and other empirical findings – e.g. the work on bounded rationality – which contradicts the assumption of fixed preferences.This book argues that this large body of findings is consistent with the hypothesis of adaptive preferences.This, together with the proposition that adaptive preferences allow a generalization of traditional welfare economics, has implications for policy applications of behavioral economics based on “normative individualism”.Normative individualism is an approach which intrinsically connects with the value of liberty or freedom.It is argued that normative individualism is indispensable for a society of free citizens, thus providing the foundations of civil liberty. This book will be of great interest to readers of welfare economics, behavioral economics and economic theory. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.Any third party material in this book is not included in the OA Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.Please direct any permissions enquiries to the original rightsholder.
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Consumer Preferences and Acceptance of Meat Products
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Algorithmics Of Matching Under Preferences
Matching problems with preferences are all around us: they arise when agents seek to be allocated to one another on the basis of ranked preferences over potential outcomes.Efficient algorithms are needed for producing matchings that optimise the satisfaction of the agents according to their preference lists.In recent years there has been a sharp increase in the study of algorithmic aspects of matching problems with preferences, partly reflecting the growing number of applications of these problems worldwide.The importance of the research area was recognised in 2012 through the award of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences to Alvin Roth and Lloyd Shapley.This book describes the most important results in this area, providing a timely update to The Stable Marriage Problem: Structure and Algorithms (D Gusfield and R W Irving, MIT Press, 1989) in connection with stable matching problems, whilst also broadening the scope to include matching problems with preferences under a range of alternative optimality criteria.
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Social Preferences : An Introduction to Behavioural Economics and Experimental Research
This introduction to one of the key areas of behavioural economics – social preferences – explains in clear, nontechnical language how particular groups of experiments have been used by behavioural economists to shed light on the processes of economic decision making.These include bargaining games, trust games and public good games.The significance of determinants such as punishment, sanctioning, emotion, cooperation, reciprocity, leadership, framing and cross-cultural differences are demonstrated and explained, and students are provided with the understanding and resources needed to replicate the experiments themselves.
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A Dubious Expediency : How Race Preferences Damage Higher Education
This book offers eight clear-sighted essays critical of racial “diversity” preferences in American higher education.Unlike more conventional books on the subject, which are essentially apologies for racial reverse discrimination, this volume forthrightly exposes the corrosive effects of identity politics on college and university life. The fact-filled and hard-hitting chapters are by Heather Mac Donald, Peter N.Kirsanow, Peter W. Wood, Lance Izumi and Rowena Itchon, John Ellis, Carissa Mulder, and the editors Gail Heriot and Maimon Schwarzschild.
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Following Their Leaders : Political Preferences and Public Policy
Models of democratic decision-making tend to assume that voters have preferences and that candidates adjust their platforms to conform with those preferences; however, the direction of causation is largely the opposite.Political elites offer policy platforms to voters, and voters adopt those policies - they follow their leaders.Following Their Leaders argues that policies are designed by the elite and the electorate has little say.Preferences for public policy tend to be anchored in a political identity associated with a candidate, party, or ideology; voters' preferences on most issues are derived from their anchor preferences.Holcombe argues that because citizens adopt the policies offered by the elite, democratic institutions are ineffective constraints on the exercise of political power.This volume explores political institutions that help control the elite who exercise political power and discusses the implications political preferences have on democracies.
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The Right Sensory Mix : Decoding Customers’ Behavior and Preferences
Many companies fail to acknowledge and analyze disparities observed among customers and simply put them down to culture or emotion.New neuroendocrinological research proves that people are rational: They just have a different biological perception of the same stimulus.Their preferences, behavior, and decisions are strongly influenced by the hundreds of millions of sensors monitoring their body and brain.People with more taste buds are, for example, sensitive to bitterness and are more likely to drink their coffee with sugar or milk, or to drink tea. This book helps product managers, marketers, and corporate decision-makers understand and predict customers’ behavior and preferences.It provides the tools to design the right sensory mix (color, shape, depth, taste, smell, texture, and sound) for each product, and fine-tune their positioning and range for every local market.Using cases from different sectors, the author shows that this approach delivers planet and people-friendly innovations which have a higher chance of success in the market.
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Arguing About Tastes : Modeling How Context and Experience Change Economic Preferences
Mainstream economics considers individual preferences to be fixed and unchanging.Although psychologists and other social scientists explore how tastes are formed, influenced, and evolve, it is not considered “proper” in orthodox economics to do so.Arguing About Tastes makes the case that economists should abandon the principle that preferences are fixed and instead incorporate into their work how context and experience shape individual tastes. David M. Kreps argues that the discipline must account for dynamic personal tastes when it comes to understanding social exchange, emphasizing human resource management and on-the-job behavior.He develops formal models that illustrate the power of intrinsic motivation and show why applying extrinsic incentives can be counterproductive.Kreps weighs the advantages and disadvantages of the principle de gustibus non est disputandum: there is no arguing about tastes.He calls for a new era of economics in which preferences are taken into account—and not for granted. Arguing About Tastes concludes with responses by the distinguished economists Alessandra Casella and Joseph E.Stiglitz and a final reply by Kreps.
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